Molecular biology is the branch of biological science that deals with a molecular basis of biological activity including the interactions between the different types of DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis, and studies how these interactions are regulated. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. It has many applications such as gene searching, molecular mechanisms of diseases and its therapeutic approaches by cloning, expression and regulation of gene. Research area includes gene expression, epigenetics and structure and function of chromatin, RNA processing, functions of non-coding RNAs, transcription. Recently, most advanced researches are going on these topics: Molecular biology, structural mechanism of DNA replication, repair and recombination, Transcription, RNA processing, Post-translational modification, proteomics, Genetic Mutation, Site-directed mutagenesis, Epigenetics, Molecular mechanisms of diseases.

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and reactivity of all chemical elements. Advanced interests focus on understanding the role of metals in biology and the environment, the design and properties of materials for energy and information technology, fundamental studies on the reactivity of main group and transition elements, and nanotechnology. Synthetic efforts are directed at hydrogen storage materials and thermoelectrics, catalysts for solar hydrogen generation, fullerenes and metal porphyrins, metal clusters and compounds with element-element bonds, as well as nanowires and nanoparticles.

Modern theoretical chemistry deals with the study of chemical structure and chemical dynamics. The previous concludes studies of: electronic structure, P.E. surfaces, and force fields; vibrational-rotational motion; equilibrium properties of condensed-phase systems and macro-molecules. Chemical dynamics concludes: bimolecular dynamics and therefore the collision theory of reactions and energy transfer; unimolecular rate theory and stability states; condensed-phase and organic compound aspects of dynamics.

Radiochemistry deals with the radioactive components, each natural and artificial chemical compounds, and their use within the study of chemical processes. Most of the radiochemistry science deals with the utilization of radiation to review standard chemical reactions. This can be totally different from radiation chemistry. Radiochemistry deals with activation analysis and alternative biological and chemical applications. There is a robust concentrate on confronting challenges associated with Energy and also the surroundings. Environmental radiochemistry uses computation and experiment to specialise in the behaviour of radioactive materials within the surroundings.

Green chemistry is additionally known as sustainable Chemistry. It's the utilization of a group of principles that reduces or eliminates the employment or generation of unsafe substances within the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green Chemistry is a part of chemistry and chemical engineering targeted on the designing of products and processes that minimize the utilization and generation of unsafe substances.

Analytical Chemistry is that the branch of chemistry that studies and uses instruments and ways used to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In apply separation, identification or quantification may represent the complete analysis or be combined with another technique. Separation isolates analysts. It has broad applications to forensics, medicine, science and engineering.

Medicinal chemistry is intersection of chemistry that's particularly organic chemistry and pharmacological medicine and numerous alternative biological specialties, wherever they're concerned with design, chemical synthesis, and development for market of pharmaceutical agents or bio-active molecules (Drugs).

Chemical biology is that the branch of science wherever the study of the chemicals and chemical reactions concerned in biological processes, incorporating the disciplines of bioorganic chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology and pharmacological medicine.

Neurochemistry is that the study of the identities, structures and functions of compounds that area unit generated by and modulate the systema nervosum. Neurochemicals embrace endocrine, serotonin, monoamine neurotransmitter and completely different neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-regulating substances. There are two broad classes of chemistry in nerve systems that are necessary. The primary is that the chemistry that generates electrical signals that propagate on nerve cells. The key chemicals involved in these signals are Na and K ions to examine how they provide rise to an indication, one should initial verify a nerve cell that's at rest. Neurochemists who are analysed the biochemistry and molecular biology of organic compounds within the nervous system, and their roles in such neural processes as cortical malleability, ontogenesis, and neural differentiation.

The modern analytical technique developed from the coupling of a separation technique associated an on-line spectroscopical detection technology is known  as hyphenated technique that is originate from the standard use of molecule or component specific detection in electrophoresis or chromatography. The outstanding enhancements in hyphenated analytical methods over the last twenty years have significantly broadened their applications among the analysis of biomaterials, notably natural product. Recent advances among the applications of varied hyphenated techniques, e.g., GC-MS, LC-PDA, LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-NMR, LC-NMR-MS, and CE-MS, among the context of preisolation analyses of crude extracts or fraction from varied natural sources, isolation and on-line detection of natural product, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical action, internal control of ingredient product, dereplication of natural product, and metabolomic studies are mentioned with applicable examples. specific stress is given on the hyphenated techniques that involve liquid chromatography, as a result of the separation tool.

Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry to law enforcement or the failure of products or processes. Many different forensic data analytical methods may be used to reveal what chemical changes occurred during an incident, and so help reconstruct the sequence of events. "Forensic chemistry is unique among chemical sciences in that its research, practice, and presentation must meet the needs of both the scientific and the legal communities. As such, forensic chemistry research is applied and derivative by nature and design, and it emphasizes metrology and validation."

Supramolecular Chemistry is the branch of chemistry beyond that of molecules and focuses on the chemical system made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits of components. The forces liable for the abstraction organization might vary from weak to strong interaction given that the degree of electronic coupling between the molecular elements remains tiny with relation to relevant energy parameters of the element. We all know that the traditional chemistry focuses on the covalent bond, however supramolecular chemistry studies the weaker and reversible noncovalent interactions between molecules. The study of non-covalent interactions is fundamental to understanding several biological processes from cell structure to vision that depend upon these forces for structure and function.

Systems and Synthetic Biology is a comparatively new field in medical specialty analysis. It focuses on engineering new or changed signalling proteins to form desired signalling pathways within the cell. Each living cell is a particularly complicated machine expressing thousands of various proteins. Because of extreme regulation, several cells like photoreceptors and different neurons in vertebrates will live for many years. Cells may self-reproduce by biological process, wherever each daughter cells area unit perfectly viable. Because of elucidation of the intricacies of cellular restrictive mechanisms we are able to currently play evolution on our time scale: re-design proteins and signalling pathways to realize our ends.  

Protein mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that refers to the appliance of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins. Mass spectrometry is a very important technique for the correct mass determination and characterization of protein. Its applications embrace the identification of proteins and their post-translational modifications, the elucidation of protein complexes, their subunits and purposeful interactions, yet because the global activity of proteins in proteomics. It also can be accustomed localize proteins to the varied organelles, and verify the interactions between completely different proteins yet like membrane lipids.

Computational Systems Biology reflects conviction that the investigation of biological systems is best drawn nearer by fusing various points of read. We have a tendency to unite various qualities of controls that supplement one another to disentangle the complexness of biology. The thought incorporates anatomy, physiology, cell and somatic cell biology, biology, developmental biology, biochemistry and biophysics. We have a tendency to work with animals, plants and microorganisms and our exploration traverses the amount of the organic chain of command from molecules to ecosystems. Our expansive scope of mastery incorporates: geneticists, palaeontologists, physiologists, behaviourists, systematises, morphologists, microbiologists, bioinformatician, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, biophysicists and biotechnologists.

Systems biology is a branch of science that is field among biology aimed toward understanding biological processes at the systems level and developing from dynamic interactions of individual elements operative at multiple spatiotemporal scales. This field considers organic Systems by expeditiously bothering them (organically, hereditarily, or artificially) and perceptive the standard, protein, and academic pathway reactions , incorporating these information; decreases within the expense of manufacturing genomic data have created deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing, RNA-sequence, associated high-throughput screening an undeniably imperative piece of medicine exploration.

Bio informatics is a field that develops ways of software system tools for understanding biological information. It's a field of science which mixes with computing, statistics, mathematics and engineering to analyse and interpret biological information. It has been used for in-silico analyses of biological queries exploitation mathematical and applied math techniques.

Next Generation Sequencing is a non-Sanger-based and high-throughput methodology that permits for generation of countless sequences directly. This sequencing technology has delivered on its promise of sequencing deoxyribonucleic acid at unprecedented speed, thereby sanctionative spectacular scientific achievements and novel biological applications. Millions or billions of DNA strands can be sequenced in parallel, yielding significantly a lot of turnout and minimizing the necessity for the fragment cloning techniques that area unit oftentimes utilised as a part of Sanger sequencing of genomes. DNA sequencing business is divided into instruments and consumables, administrations, and advancement product.

Synthetic bioengineering is that the manipulation of the biological compounds variable their physical and chemical forms victimisation engineering principles and techniques. Engineering is completed at cellular and subcellular level i.e. molecular level. Bioengineering is that the biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering instrumentation. Recently, the apply of bioengineering has expanded on the far side large-scale efforts like medical specialty and hospital instrumentation to incorporate engineering at the molecular and cellular level with applications in energy and also the environment additionally as healthcare.

Currently, cancer treatment is an extremely dynamic field and important advances area unit being created within the development of novel cancer treatment ways. In distinction to traditional cancer medical specialty, cancer biomarkers have enlarged vastly giving sudden possibilities to enhancing therefore on enhance the administration of disease patients the proficiency of discovery and viability of treatment. Biomarkers of disease may incorporate a good scope of organic chemistry components, as an example, nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and small metabolites, cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters and furthermore entire neoplasm cells found within the body liquid. A way reaching comprehension of the relevance of every biomarker are going to be very important for diagnosis the ill health consistently, moreover as facilitate within the decision of various remedial choices as of currently accessible that's liable to advantage the patients. A biological molecule found in blood, different body liquids, or tissues that's a sign of a typical or strange procedure, or of a condition or illness. A biomarker might be utilized to exactly how well the body reacts to a treatment for a sickness or condition which is also known as molecular marker and signature molecule.

The intellectual thrust of Systems Neuroscience is that the study of neural coding and dynamics. Neural coding refers to the approach that information is described within the electrical and biochemical signals in neurons (perception and short term memory) and therefore the patterns of synaptic connections (long term memory). Neural dynamics refers to patterns of nerve cell electrical and chemical activity within which information is formed, manipulated and stored. Neural dynamics is concerned in higher cognitive process or in designing and executing sequences, like in speaking or taking part in court game. Neural dynamics additionally represents the psychological feature manipulation of knowledge necessary in mathematics or reasoning. Researchers in systems neuroscience are involved with the relation between molecular and cellular approaches to understanding brain structure and performance, still like the study of high-level mental functions like language, memory, and consciousness (which are the compass of activity and psychological feature neuroscience). Systems neuroscientists generally use techniques for understanding networks of neurons whereas they operate in vivo (e.g. electrophysiology (single or multi-electrode recording), in vivo imaging, fMRI, PET).

Industrial biotechnology is that the application of biotechnology for industrial functions, as well as industrial fermentation.  The apply of exploitation cells like micro-organisms, or elements of cells like enzymes, to get industrially helpful product in sectors like chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and biofuels. Industrial Biotechnology offers a premier forum bridging basic analysis and R&D with later-stage commercialisation for property bio based mostly industrial and environmental applications.

An increasing variety of chemicals and materials, like base chemicals, polymers, industrial catalysts, enzymes and detergents area unit created exploitation biotechnology. In 2010, the sales of commercial chemicals created mistreatment biotechnology in a minimum of one step of the assembly method equalled €92bn globally, and this is often expected to extend to €228bn by 2015.

Biomaterials play a pivotal role in field of tissue engineering. Biomimetic synthetic polymers have been created to elicit specific cellular functions and to direct cell-cell interactions both in implants that are initially cell-free, which may serve as matrices to conduct tissue regeneration, and in implants to support cell transplantation. Biomimetic approaches have been based on polymers endowed with bio adhesive receptor-binding peptides and mono- and oligosaccharides. These materials have been patterned in two- and three-dimensions to generate model multicellular tissue architectures, and this approach may be useful in future efforts to generate complex.

DNA & RNA Sequencing means that to see the first structure of a branchless biopolymer and also the ends up in a symbolic linear depiction called a sequence that compactly summarizes abundant of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule. In bioinformatics, Sequence Analysis is that the method of subjecting a DNA, ribonucleic acid or peptide sequence to any of a large varies of analytical strategies to know its options, function, structure, or evolution. The strategies embody sequence alignment, biological databases. The sequences are being compared to that of the identified functions, harmoniously to know the biology of the organism which provides the new sequence. Synergistic use of three-dimensional structures and deep sequencing is completed to understand the impact of personalised medication.

Biophysics covers the natural association, from the atomic level to entire life forms level in an exceedingly biological process. It depicts however creatures get sustenance, imparting, detecting nature, and continuance. This subject seeks to clarify biological operate in terms of the molecular structures and properties of specific molecules. A crucial space of biophysical study is that the elaborate analysis of the structure of molecules in living systems. The recent analysis square measure as are biophysical approaches to cell biology, cellular movement and cell motility, procedure and theoretical natural philosophy, molecular structure and behaviour of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, molecular structure & behaviour of membrane proteins, role of biophysical techniques in analysis and prediction, biophysical mechanisms to clarify specific biological processes and Nano biophysics. Most up-to-date researchers square measure going on: Biophysical approaches to cell biology, Cellular Movement and Cell Motility, procedure and theoretical biophysics, Molecular Structure and behaviour of Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Molecular Structure & Behaviour of Membrane Proteins, Role of Biophysical Techniques in analysis and prediction, Biophysical Mechanisms to clarify specific biological processes.